Relations between the People's Republic of China and Cuba since the end of the Cold War. The rise of China and economic reform as factors of influence
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69895/b4ed9m49Keywords:
China-Cuba relations, foreign policy, international politics, multipolarity, economic reform, rise of ChinaAbstract
This article analyzes the relationship between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Cuba since the end of the Cold War, to identify the factors that explain the characteristics of the interactions in two periods. After a stagnation in the 1990s, derived from disagreements on the economic policy of both actors, the relationship showed characteristics of a relative deepening towards the end of the first decade of the new millennium. Based on the analysis by levels (or images) and the comparison of such periods, it is argued that the strengthening of interactions was influenced by two factors: the rise of China as the main competitor of the United States at the systemic level and the beginning of economic reforms in Cuba. It is suggested that the future of the relationship depends on both processes.
References
Armstrong, F. (2023). Cuba-China Relations. Solidarity and Pragmatism. En H. Bastian, P. Brenner, J. M. Kirk y W. M. LeoGrande (Eds.), Contemporary Cuba. The Post-Castro Era (3a. ed., pp. 237-245). Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield.
Banco Mundial. (2024). Crecimiento del PIB (% anual) [Data set]. https://bit.ly/3UTZ42W
Bullón, M. (2023). Balance de las relaciones económicas entre China y Cuba: análisis del período 2018-2022. Política Internacional, 5(4), 7-23
Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs. (2019). Cuba Internet Task Force: Final Report. U.S. Department of State. https://rb.gy/dfn50p
Castillo, D. (2023). La Franja y la Ruta: El liderazgo estratégico de China. En J. I. Martínez (Coord.), América Latina y el Caribe-China. Relaciones políticas e internacionales 2023. Red Académica de América Latina y el Caribe sobre China.
Cheng, Y. (2007a). Fidel Castro and “China’s Lesson for Cuba”: A Chinese Perspective. The China Quarterly, 189, 24-42
Cheng. Y. (2007b). Sino-Cuban Relations and Cuba’s Future after Fidel Castro. History Compass, 5(2), 725-736
China Briefing. (22 de noviembre de 2022). China-Cuba: Bilateral Trade and Investment Prospects. https://bit.ly/4ak6m4y
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe. (2023). La inversión Extranjera Directa en América Latina y el Caribe 2023. Unidad de Inversiones y Estrategias Empresariales de la División de Desarrollo Productivo y Empresarial. https://bit.ly/3wIiEWq
Ding, B. y Rivero, S. (2021). La cooperación comercial entre Cuba y China. Perspectivas actuales para el desarrollo sostenible de estas naciones. COODES, 9(1), 137-154
Foro China-CELAC. (2015). Plan de Cooperación (2015-2019). https://bit.ly/3ydIUbD
Frank, M. (27 de enero de 2020). Chinese exports to Cuba hit lowest level in decade last year: data. Reuters. https://rb.gy/nkcbwx
Hearn, H. y Hernández, R. (2021). Cuba-China Relations and the Construction of Socialism. En M. Bain y C. Walker (Eds.), Cuban International Relations at 60: Reflections on Global Connections (pp. 139-156). Rowman & Littlefield.
Ikenberry, J. (2008). The Rise of China and the Future of the West. Can the Liberal System Survive? Foreign Affairs, 87(23), 23-37
Johnson, G. y Lin, Z. (2019). The China Factor and U.S.-Cuban Relations. En M. Kelly, E. Moreno y R. Witmer (Eds.), The Cuba – U.S. Bilateral Relationship. New Pathways and Policy Choices (pp. 57-81). Oxford University Press.
Kennedy, P. (14 de enero de 2009). American Power Is on the Wane. The Wall Street Journal. https://on.wsj.com/3GflQIJ
Lijphart, A. (1971). Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method. The American Political Science Review, 65(3), 682-693
Ministerio de Justicia de la República de Cuba. (2014). Ley No. 118. Ley de la Inversión Extranjera. Gaceta Oficial de la República de Cuba. https://bit.ly/3UCNKXI
Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China. (2014). China Promotes Investment in Cuba, Canada. MOFCOM. https://bit.ly/4blf8AI
National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2024). Total Value of Imports and Exports, Cuba. NBS. https://bit.ly/3WzoXq5
Partido Comunista de Cuba. (2011). Lineamientos de la Política Económica y Social del Partido y la Revolución. VI Congreso del Partido Comunista de Cuba. https://bit.ly/3wnTXib
Pereira, C. M. (2022). Cuba and China, a Paradigmatic Partnership in a Changing World Context. En H. Wang y L. Miao (Eds.), China and the World in a Changing Context. Perspectives from Ambassadors to China (pp. 157-167). Springer.
Pérez, O. E. (3 de abril de 2022). Cuba-China: una relación necesaria. Cuba Capacity Building Project. Columbia Law School. https://bit.ly/3UBiAzT
Putz, C. (28 de septiembre de 2016). Li Keqiang Becomes First Chinese Premier to Visit Cuba. The Diplomat. https://bit.ly/3ydCI3E
Regalado, E. (2018). Las Relaciones entre Cuba y la República Popular China. Revista Cubana de Economía Internacional, 5(2), 69-77
Singer, J. D. (1961). The level-of-analysis problem in international relations. World Politics, 14(1), 77-92
Solorza, M. (2015). Reformas económico financieras en Cuba. Reinserción al capitalismo en una etapa de crisis. Revista Problemas del Desarrollo, 185(47), 135-160
Spencer, R. (19 de noviembre de 2008). Chinese president makes landmark visit to Cuba. The Telegraph. https://bit.ly/44Bvdzv
Spetalnick, M. y Sherwood, D. (8 de junio de 2023). China to build spy base in Cuba, WSJ says; US and Cuba cast doubt on report. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/china-post-spy-facility-cuba-off-southeastern-us-wsj-2023-06-08/
Strobel, W. P., Lubold, G., Salama, V. y Gordon, M. R. (20 de junio de 2023). Beijing Plans a New Training Facility in Cuba, Raising Prospect of Chinese Troops on America’s Doorstep. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/beijing-plans-a-new-training-facility-in-cuba-raising-prospect-of-chinese-troops-on-americas-doorstep-e17fd5d1
Temby, O. (2015). What are levels of analysis and what do they contribute to international relations theory? Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 8(4), 721-742
Waltz, K. (2018). Man, the State, and War (Anniversary edition). Columbia University Press
Xi, J. (2017). Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era
Remarks Delivered at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. https://bit.ly/44IlNCu
Xinhua. (8 de noviembre de 2018). China Focus: Xi holds talks with Cuban president to advance ties. https://rb.gy/cuhuds
Zakaria, F. (2008). The Future of American Power. How America Can Survive the Rise of the Rest. Foreign Affairs, 87(3), 18-44.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Jorge Alberto Ortíz Almanza (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This license does not permit commercial use of the original work or any derivative works. The distribution of these derivative works must be made under a license equal to that governing the original work.